The Greek Indicative System

Primary Thematic Athematic
Active Middle Active Middle
sing dual plur sing dual plur sing dual plur sing dual plur
1st ω μεν μεν 1st μαι μεθα μεθα 1st μι μεν μεν 1st μαι μεθα μεθα
2nd ις τον τε 2nd σαι → ῃ/ει σθον σθε 2nd ς, σι, σθα τον τε 2nd σαι σθον σθε
3rd ι τον υσι(ν) 3rd ται σθον νται 3rd σι(ν) τον ασι(ν) 3rd ται σθον νται, αται
Secondary Thematic Athematic
Active Middle Active Middle
sing dual plur sing dual plur sing dual plur sing dual plur
1st ν, ∅ μεν μεν 1st μην μεθα μεθα 1st ν μεν μεν 1st μην μεθα μεθα
2nd ς τον τε 2nd σο → ου σθον σθε 2nd ς τον τε 2nd σο, ο σθον σθε
3rd ν την ν 3rd το σθην ντο 3rd ∅ την ν, σαν 3rd το σθην ντο, ατο
  1. By default, the thematic vowel is ο in the first person and third person plural and ε elsewhere.
  2. The present uses primary endings, thematic vs athematic depends on the verb.
  3. The imperfect uses secondary endings, thematic vs athematic depends on the verb.
  4. The sigmatic (or first) aorist uses secondary thematic endings with the thematic vowel replaced by an α everywhere except the third person singular. Additionally, the first person singular uses the null ending instead of the ν.
  5. The asigmatic (or second) aorist uses the regular secondary thematic endings.
  6. The root (or third) aorist uses the secondary athematic endings.
  7. The aorist passive uses the secondary athematic active endings.
  8. The future uses the primary thematic endings.
  9. The future passive uses the primary thematic middle endings.
  10. The perfect active usually uses the aorist endings with the third person plural replaced with σιν.
  11. The perfect middle usually uses the primary athematic middle endings. This causes νται to become αται if directly after a consonant.
  12. The pluperfect active usually uses the secondary thematic active endings in the singular and the athematic endings in the plural.
  13. The pluperfect middle usually uses the secondary athematic middle endings. This causes ντο to become ατο if directly after a consonant.
  14. The future perfect isn't.
  15. The future perfect uses primary thematic middle endings.

The Greek Imperative System

Primary Thematic Athematic
Active Middle Active Middle
sing dual plur sing dual plur sing dual plur sing dual plur
2nd ∅ τον τε 2nd σο → ου σθον σθε 2nd ε τον τε 2nd σο σθον σθε
3rd τω των ντων 3rd σθω σθων σθων 3rd τω των ντων 3rd σθω σθων σθων
Secondary Thematic Athematic
Active Middle Active Middle
sing dual plur sing dual plur sing dual plur sing dual plur
2nd ν τον τε 2nd ι σθον σθε 2nd θι, ς τον τε 2nd ου σθον σθε
3rd τω των ντων 3rd σθω σθων σθων 3rd τω των ντων 3rd σθω σθων σθων
  1. By default, the thematic vowel is ε, except for the active third person plural, where it is ο.
  2. The present uses the primary endings, thematic vs athematic depends on the verb.
  3. The sigmatic (or first) aorist uses the secondary thematic endings. The thematic vowel is replaced with α, except in the active second person singular, where it is ο.
  4. The asigmatic (or second) aorist uses the primary thematic endings.
  5. The root (or third) aorist uses the secondary athematic endings. It usually uses the θι ending, but many common root aorists use the alternate ς ending.
  6. The passive uses the secondary athematic active endings. Note that by Grassman's law, θηθι becomes θητι. Note also that the third person plural uses θε instead of the usual θη.
  7. The active perfect uses the primary thematic active endings.
  8. The middle perfect uses the primary athematic middle endings.

The Greek Subjunctive System

  1. By default, the subjunctive uses the primary thematic endings (even for athematic verbs). The active third person plural ending is replaced with σιν.
  2. The thematic vowel is the lengthened version of the default thematic vowels.
  3. The perfect middle is formed periphrastically with participle + middle subjunctive of εἰμί.

The Greek Optative System

  1. The optative uses the athematic secondary endings, but adds the thematic vowel + ι or ιη. If an ι is added instead of ιη, the first person singular ending is μι.
  2. Verb forms that would take athematic endings in the indicative mood take ιη endings without the thematic vowel.
  3. The default thematic vowel for the optative is ο in all persons and numbers.
  4. The thematic vowel for the sigmatic (or first) aorist is α, even in the third person singular.
  5. The passive is formed with θε instead of θη.
  6. The perfect middle is formed periphrastically with participle + middle optative of εἰμί.